Tuesday, 1 November 2016

Unit 3 - Assignment 2: Research Techniques for the creative Media Industries:


Task 1: Secondary Research:
A:

Most Viewed Music Video:

This music video known as 'Gangham Style' has the most views on youtube ranking in with over 2.6 billion views from November 2012 to October 2016.



Top Viewed six music videos:
The most viewed music videos show that overall all these 11 top videos have around 2,206,852 views on youtube which is updated on a regular basis and we can tell the numbers are updated due to the date below.


7 to 11:

One Direction First music video Statistics, how many times it was viewed.

This view shows that their first music video started of with 722,684,313 views which is amazing as they had just finished the Xfactor. and this was their first ever music video. Over the years their music success in statistics has gone up a huge amount. However, starting of with 722,684,313 is a huge amount of people who have watched the video.








This shows that music videos are viewed the most on youtube and every minute over 300 videos are uploaded and the percentage of videos on youtube are music videos.




One directions most viewed music video was Story of my life which was viewed on youtube over, 436,115,518 times which is a massive incase from their first music video which received over 72 million views.


One Directions latest music video which was their last video as a band together received currently on youtube 235,473,706 which is their most viewed youtube music video up to date.

Top 10 most viewed music videos ranking from 10 to 1, showing the exact figures presently:














One Direction have globally sold these many records which include their music videos within the albums.





One Directions best selling songs which include best selling music videos, as if their song sells it is also down to the views on their singles they recieve.














These figures show that the 'Take me home album' presently has 235,140 views on their album music videos.



Music videos have the highest streaming currently in 2015 which shows most people viewed music videos last year.



The average on how many times the music videos of One Direction are viewed either on youtube or other sites for example, iTunes.


This graph shows how many subscribers One Direction receive hourly once realising a new music video. Also, the hourly graph shows that their videos from years ago still get hourly views.


This graph shows the statistics of daily subscribers to One directions music videos, the graph updates every 14 days for a precise graph.


This shows how many subscribers One direction currently have on their music videos, which also conveys how many more views their music videos are getting from being subscribed.


B:
Music Videos:


This shows that a person has a view on One directions history music video, this screenshot was taken from youtube. It also conveys how a person feels towards this music video.


This shows that their type of music videos have a target market such as young girls who become obsessed with them and their music videos.

This proves that some people love their old music videos and the music videos still have an effect on them. They were together for five years and people are still watching their very first music video, which shows the fans are loyal and like their videos.




Many people feel different types of emotions when they watch music videos so depending on how the song or video has an impact on you it can give you a certain opinion and response.



This conveys that music videos especially One directions Story of my life has had an impact on someone and has maybe influenced them to love this music video. Everyone has different opinions on music videos but one directions fans are young and love their music videos.


This portrays that fans have watched the music video many times in its first 2 hours of being realised which show the music video has had an effect on them in a way which has made them watch over and over.


This also shows that people mainly watch music videos on youtube as it is easy and accessible. Also, people believe that younger people tend to watch music videos more when a new single comes out. Therefore, younger people are more likely to watch music videos especially if they are a fan of a singer or band.




This also shows that people enjoy music videos because they like to see how the artist is portraying the song for example, History by One direction features photos playing through the song of the band showing the audience their time together and how they came from nothing to becoming pop sensations.


This is a fan review from youtube on One directions One thing song, this is a comment recently from a fan in 2016 and this song was music video was filmed 5 years ago. Therefore, this shows that fans are still watching old music videos when there are new videos out there. Also, it proves that the music video is still getting many views and people have different views, however this fan loves this music video as he is watching it again.


This fan review is on Gangham style and after four years this fan is able to watch the music video in his country which shows people are really interested in not just hearing the lyrics but they want to watch the music video to have a real feeling for the music and the theme.

Digipaks:

This shows that some people find digipaks not convenient and annoying. Therefore, is is a review on digipaks by someone. However, I feel people now days prefer to download music to their phone straight away instead of having cds.


A response on digipaks are that this particular person does not like them as they find it can damage the disc. They feel they are damaging to the cd as it is not like a jewel case where there is a plastic sleeve.


People have reviewed digipaks and feel they are cheap cardboard folders which have had no effort put into them, they are just a holder for a cd with an insert of songs.


Many people have different reviews on digipaks but for example this person and many others feel the same, the material is not supported enough for the cd disc.


This also shows that people prefer digipaks, they feel its a cheap way out for companies and instead the companies think about themselves and not the audiences.


Digipaks appeal to different types of people, they are filled with printed information and anything the singer or band feels the audience should know. Also, this person likes digipaks because how they look, so therefore, the layout is important for the audience.


Another opinion on digipaks are that the audience find them a waste of money as they don't last long and they become damaged due to the cheap material.


This response to digipaks show us that they feel it is a neat idea and it is better for the world we live in due to the material used to create it.


This also shows us that people love digipaks because they are a light option to carry around they don't take up much room and they are easy and light.


This is a review on Girls aloud digipak and customers who brought the digipak say they rated it four and a half stars out of five stars which show they were very happy and pleased.


This is a review on One directions digipak, some people rate it four stars and others rate it three. It has no customer reviews for five stars which shows the audience were not exactly satisfied with the digipak only giving it a rating for three and a half stars out of five.

Magazine Album Adverts:


This proves what people think of magazine album adverts and how important it is to be effective to attract the correct fans and audience for them to know when their new album or song is coming out. It is a type of advertisement to help that artist be successful.


This shows that a response to a magazine album advert proves that the band still have their youth and will go all the way they are not over yet. This also shows that their magazine album adverts persuade their audience to listen to their music as they are still in their early days.


Not only one direction sell themselves in magazine adverts for their albums but also the fans are showing the world about their magazine album adverts as they believe it is important to show the rest of the world what the boys have to offer.




This is an magazine album advert showing the world what albums to watch for they are advertising their albums. The fans love looking for the magazine adverts as they not only like to know what new albums are coming out but it also advertises what the song means.


One direction are over the moon that their fans loved the ad of their new album. In return One direction replied to fans tweets, the fans congratulated them on their magazine advert of their album.


One fan commented this which shows the magazine album ad was a success and they loved it and can't wait for the new album to come out. Advertisement especially magazine album adverts give fans a full insight into what the album is on.


This questionnaire shows us that fans and the target market like seeing magazine album adverts as it advertises the album, but the advert uses many ways to draw the people in such as cover art which this fan believes is a great way of advertising.


This also shows that the audience feel the best colours for a magazine album advert are basic colours and the colours have to go with the album, so if its a sad album the colours should be sad to make the audience and fans have a feel for the album.


Also, people feel that a big font is the best as it sells an advert but also the font should suit the singer or band so if its a rock band the font should be with an edge to create a feel for the bands album. Also, the album has to be very successful and the advert tries to sell the album as best it can, therefore it is important if there is the correct font, colour and typography to get the fans attention for the best selling of the album.



This is an example of a magazine album advert it is advertising the new music album by the killers a band advertising their album.









This shows people believe to sell an magazine album advert it is imperative to make sure the colours of the album are used in the magazine advert to have the same attraction to the audience.

Internet Forum:


This is an opinion on one direction from a fan, this shows that there are fan forums where they express how they feel about one directions music videos, music and their album adverts.


This is a screenshot of a website where one direction share their music, music videos and reply to fans it is a group where fans can express their feelings and follow one direction footsteps regularly.




This is a response from one direction to fans on their fan page to say they will be answering questions on this date on twitter. Therefore, all fans will come together and message the boys on twitter about their music. Therefore, twitter is an internet forum for fans to have opinions and reviews on their current music.



This is the number one fan site for one direction where they also share their views and thoughts on the boys and their success in the music industry.



This also shows that a fan page where the general chat is about their music videos and music.


Another fan site where one direction can review their fans responses and opinions on their music so they listen to their fans so they know what to work on next to sell as many records and music videos.


http://pigeonsandplanes.com/in-depth/2014/04/15-of-the-best-music-forums-on-the-web/
This link above shows the best chat music forums for tans.


This is also a fan forum on the internet where fans can talk to other fans about current and present music it is known as a music cafe where the fans communicate.


Another music forum for fans to discuss their opinions,views and they can review music on the forums. For example, they can discuss current music videos,magazine album adverts and in general their music and how it is portrayed.


This is another type of forum to also talk to other fellow fans.

Task 2: Primary Research: Group:
A:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc54F1Qv9IR6ALtLKK1vRLhRZpF0jc1lsOh8J1OF-pP8rA-Tw/viewform?c=0&w=1 Questionnaire Link:

B:
Interview on Digipaks: Independently:



1. Which Digipak do you prefer and why?
2.  Which features do you like to see on a Digipak?
3. What colours do you like to see on a Digipak?
4. Which digipaks are you most likely to buy?
5. Which artist digipak are you least likely to buy and why?
6. What do you think about these one direction digipaks?

7. Which is your favourite One direction Digipak and why?
Interview:
















Focus Group:
https://youtu.be/0zehlh3tTWQ

Audience Panel:
https://youtu.be/3uiSnjKCyT4

Task3: Audience Research:
A:
Our target audience are young teenagers between the age of 13-18, this age group love one direction. A typical fan would be obsessed with one out of the five boys either for their looks or their voice. They are also likely to follow them on social media such as Facebook, twitter and Instagram. One direction have fans globally all over the world, they are very well known. But they are more likely to have fans in the Uk and USA as they are very well known for touring there and spending their personal time in certain areas of these countries. Also, it is believed that one direction have also built a fan base for women over the age of 50 as they believe these boys are good role models for young people. Also, the middle age category feel their music is current and fresh and relates to everyone. Therefore, our target audience is aimed at a variety of age groups but especially young fans who will engage in the music and watch their music videos regularly due to the content used and props in the video. Also, the typical one direction fan has followed their journey from the factor auditions to their last song together known as history. Also, they are likely to have five or more photos on their phone of the band or one of the members. The fan base watch music videos regularly so it is important that we include in the video what the audience are looking for. Also, the audience are likely not to buy digipaks because they have either spotify or iTunes and youtube for free. They are likely to buy magazine album adverts as they like to keep the posters and stick them on their wall to show their support and love for the group. Most fans are likely to atlas own one cd before spotify and iTunes became more famous. Also, regarding owning the CD, they could potentially own a limited edition of that CD either in a Digipak or Jewel case. Our audience fit into the category of E in the Demographic model as the audience are mostly students and young people. The majority of the audience are girls and women as the band are a group of boys who girls especially love. This also shows social class and gender in media classification. Age is another media classification as young girls and a minority of older people also like one direction. Therefore, I have considered the age, gender and category of my audience. Therefore, this target audience I believe fit into class  E as well as the audience fitting into the Psychographics as most people fit into one of the category, our audience fit into the  Aspirers category as they like fashion and and new things. Therefore, one direction are a new and current successful band who's audience are known as aspirers as they look up to one direction and aspire.




B:
Our audience media preferences are that the majority prefer music videos to buying digipaks. Also, they like to see in the media, scandal and stories involving the one direction members for their entertainment, they also like to follow the boys journey, via the media on social networking sites. especially twitter, as the fans can communicate with the boys directly. they also like to keep up with the boys through magazine articles and newspapers. The audience also like to see the boys personal life in the media through music videos or social media, for example the audience see in the history music video the boys time show their time together sad times and happy times within the industry and the audience like how the band show their time together behind the scenes as well. The fans like book signing events as they get to meet the boys also the fans like to see how the boys are portrayed in the media such as when the boys take time out from work they like to see what they are up to. furthermore, an average fan would buy a ticket to their concert in their local city. it is also likely that that fan would go to the concert either wearing or purchase any merchandise that they are selling there. Therefore a summed up fan would be a supporter of the group from the beginning of their journey till this day they would go to their concerts and follow them on social media accounts and listen to their music.

One direction music videos are being viewed all the time on a daily basis by fans and other people. Also, people buy and download one directions music on their phones to listen to the songs regularly without wifi.















These statistics show how many people have viewed their music videos and the buying patterns from their first song to their last song has gone up rapidly due to more fans joining along the way.


This also shows how many views over time one direction music videos have got on youtube.

Task 4: Market Research:
A:

Every one in the music industry have competitors, therefore One direction a well known boy band and probably the best boy band in the world for teenage girls. Their competitor is 5 Seconds of Summer another five piece boy band from Australia who have toured also around the world. They also focus their music towards a young audience in the E category. Both boy bands sing similar up lifting songs and have the same genre of music, also if you watch their music videos some are quite similar such as She looks so perfect is similar to what makes you beautiful as both songs explain their feelings towards girls and what the two different bands feel. However, a distinctive difference between 5SOS and One Direction is that there are polls where the fans from each group answer questions such as who are the most good looking band and then there is a percentage which is gathered. Therefore, it shows that the two bands compete with their music and fans they have to be the most popular. Five seconds of summer and one direction are friends but when it comes to music they compete, however below is a picture of them when they are friends and music is not involved.

B:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2BYmmTI04I
This music video by Five seconds of summer is called 'She looks so perfect', it is different from One directions music video as the band are using guitars and only one member of one direction uses a guitar in their music videos; but not all the time. However, Niall from One direction is the member who uses the guitar. The colours in the music video used are bright colours with a dark backdrop against a brick wall the background looks like it is set in New York city with the tall brick buildings. This music video is different to One direction because of the background whereas one Direction run around a lot more whereas Five seconds of summer are playing on their guitars with a microphone stand infant of them. Also, the washing hanging up in the background shows that they are also showing daily activities such as washing also the video features a police officer and a supermarket showing what peoples daily jobs are. However, one direction do music videos about them for example, story of my life they are showing in the video pictures of their life before they found fame. Also, One direction and five seconds of summer are quite similar with the audience and genre they sing about but they are different with how they perform and some of their music is different which is good as it shows the two bands are both individual and not trying to copy each other.

Digipak:

This diigpak shows it is different but also similar to what is out there, for example the One direction cover for their diigpak is similar with all the boys standing together at the front. However, it is different as the font used is different to what font one direction use. Also, the colours alert the audience with the big red cross across the front symbolises rock and it goes through the picture which shows the boys are one and have a connection together. Also, the comic letters round the side of the digipak show it is different to other digipaks out there with autographs on, the letters use show that the boys are trying to convince the audience to buy this digipak, the words 'Hey' show that the audience are drawn into the digipak as it shows that the boys want the audience to buy the digipak and listen to their new music. Also, the layout is friendly to the audience with comic pictures, also the octopus conveys one of the members obsession for animals and sea creatures, therefore other bands do not use what they like on their from covers. Therefore, it is different as the boys are putting together what they like to show their audience who they are as people. The drawings use are by the band which show they want to bring their audience into their lives and show them what they like , therefore the band like drawing and want to share this passion with the fans. Also, the cloud symbolises hat whatever the weather the boys will be together through the good and the bad times which is very different as they have personally made the drawing and have positioned it there to show a metaphor of who the band are.

Magazine Album Advert:


This magazine album advert layout is very spacious and it is a different layout compared to one direction and what is already out there, because all the band are looking down and there eyes are drawing the audience in. Also, the colours are very bold and make the audience want to pick up the magazine as the bold redness shows the audience that it is important to to look at this magazine and the small writing also shows that you need to read more to find out more. Therefore, the little information on the front shows that the audience need to read more to find out more. Also, the red line which is bold and thick under ,'and counting' shows that there is more to come to the album and that the audience should stay involved to find out more. I feel this magazine is different to one direction and what is out there as for example below is a one direction magazine album advert which shows dark colours and white writing, where as Five seconds of summer have a light background and dark writing. Therefore, even though they are similar in some aspects they are also different in others, also the clothing one direction wear is  more smart whereas the five seconds of summer boys wear more edgy and rock star clothing. Therefore, even though bands are similar in some ways such as music, their also individual with looks.



Task 5: Production research:
A:
Music Video:

  • Personnel:
  1. A Director
  2. Two Cameramen
  3. Producer
  4. Make up & Hair Stylist
  5. Choreographer 
  6. Lighting technicians
  7. Sound operators  
  8. Catering
  • Talent:
  1. Four dancers
  2. A Band
  • Finance:
  1. £1 Million.
  2. Props
  3. Rental
  4. Catering
  5.  Rental Truck (Vehicles)
  6. Clothing 
  • Suppliers:
  1. Brand name
  2. Label 
  3. Sponsorship 
  4. Renting editting equipment 
  • Facilities:
  1. Toilet 
  2. Kitchen
  3. Dressing room
  4. Shower room
  5. Stage
  6. Canvas room
  • Locations:
  1. London
  2. Winter wonderland 
  3. Hilton Hotel ( Preparations before music video)
Digipak:
  • Personnel:
  1. Graphic designer 
  2. Editor 
  3. Music Supervisor 
  4. Art consultant 
  5. Photographer
  • Talent:
  1. The artist ( singer/ band)
  2. A bonus track 
  • Finance:
  1. Manufactoring 
  2. Music label is paying
  • Suppliers:
  1. Rent Graphic designer equipment
  2. Brand Label 
  3. Sponsorships 
  4. Amazon
  5. HMV
  • Facilities:
  1. Editorial space for editing 
  2. Kitchen
  3. Toilet 
  4. Software
  • Locations:
  1. Editing suit in London
  2. Retailers to sell product
Album Magazine Adverts:
  • Personnel:
  1. Graphic designer 
  2. Art consultant
  3. Advertiser 
  4. Producer
  • Talent:
  1. Singer/Band
  • Finance:
  1. Label Rights
  2. Equipment/ Software
  • Suppliers:
  1. Magazine e.g. Top of the Pops
  2. Label/ Brand
  3. Sponsorships 
  • Facilities:
  1. Editing suit 
  2. A Canvas room
  3. Green screen 
  • Locations:
  1. London/ Editing suit 
  2. Magazine HQ
  3. Publishers
B:
Music Video: Budget £1500

Digipak: Budget £3500




















Magazine Album Advert: £2000







Task 6: Interpret your results:




\




These Pie charts show my Primary Research methods, I collected data through a question air and the responses were turned into pie charts to show the accuracy of the opinions. Firstly, the technique of using a question air has influenced my findings, because I have produced accurate statistics based on the audiences views and opinions. For example, in my first question which was when was the last time you brought a Digipak, the results prove that the majority have never brought a Digipak; because my question air was for students. Therefore, this conveys that the audience is vital, because it shows that I only gave out the question air for the audience. This  shows if I gave the question air out to different generations I'm sure there would be a variety of responses towards if that person has ever brought a Digipak. Also, these pie charts do not only show accuracy but also shows the percentages of how many people support different things, for example who are you most likely to buy a Digipak off, shows that the audience chose One Direction which proves that by giving a question air out to the correct audience you can get great responses. This statistic showing the majority would buy One Direction shows who the audience like out of the three artists and in this case it is One Direction. Also, another question which highlights how many people from the audience watch music videos on YouTube over other websites show that including YouTube in the question air gives us a rough percentage on how many people actually use YouTube to view music videos. Therefore, I believe including YouTube as an option in the questionnaire shows that this was a good type of media to include in the question air. It is vital that the audience is kept in mind when making a question air as the Primary Research has to appeal to the target market to get the correct responses in return, which helps us to carry out other research tasks. Also, the question asked which is, how often do you buy a magazine shows that the majority chose annually because younger generations are more likely to read a magazine article online instead of buying the magazine. Therefore, this shows by the term annually it proves that its not a regular activity. Also, I made an audience panel to find out what people thought on one direction which is a type of primary research, I feel this was a good technique used to find out opinions. Lastly, the Primary Research highlights that my findings were as accurate as possible, giving the question air to the audience and making sure the methods used were best suited for the audience such as giving out questionnaires instead of other types of research such as surveys where it is not as accurate as questionnaires, which are easy to put the information into pie charts and it gives you a percentage. Therefore, I think using questionnaires have influenced the research I have found because people are more likely to fill out a questionnaire I find than a survey.


With my Secondary Research I collected general information on Music Videos, Digipaks and Magazine album adverts but I also collected research on my chosen band known as One Direction. I researched statistics through websites and social media, I also found opinions and views. However, the Secondary research was mainly focused at finding figures. Therefore, during this type of research, I used methods to find the most accurate statistics there are and the most recent updated statistics. I used the internet for this type of research which was a good method as it was finding information which is already out there. I believe I found fair statistics and found out through the internet what the best ten music videos are, these were recently updated and provided the most recent results showing how many views the videos had. Also, when looking into One Directions music video I also used YouTube as a source to find out figures, as this is a great type of media to find accurate updated statistics, for example looking at One directions music videos and the statistics show their music videos vary with different figures depending on what the audiences favourite music video is. Also, when looking for One direction Digipaks, it proved difficult as they are a modern band and Digipaks are not used as much as they used to, due to the technology there is. Therefore, I feel I looked as much as possible for their Digipaks, but only found their Digipaks on Amazon, which also proves I used many techniques such as researching for their Digipaks and only found information on one or two websites. I believe is was easier to find One direction internet forums compared to Magazine album adverts as their audience create forums to communicate with other fans. Therefore, this shows that I found it abit more difficult to find magazine album covers compared to the others which I found much easier to find. This proves that when researching you use different methods and some methods are easier to help find out information than others.

For my Audience Research I used methods such as providing information on the typical person who would be interested in buying One directions music magazine adverts and Digipaks but also the type of person who would watch their music videos. Therefore, to collate and summarise the typical person who would be interested in One direction and be a fan who goes to their concerts, who follows them on social media and who buys their music it is important that you create the best audience for this band. Therefore, the methods used to provide information on the audience it is vital you look at research on the band and what type of people they would appeal too. I researched internet forums to find what a typical fan would be of One direction who would support them all the way. Also, it is important to take into consideration what type of fan would buy everything which promotes one direction as that is the best type of fan and the appropriate audience. I used different sources from the online media to help make the audience classification, therefore I believe by using the internet and finding out information on who like One direction it gave me information to provide who the audience are and would be. Because I used the media and online resources this may have influenced my findings as I got to find views and opinions on the band and I also got to visit internet forums to get a deeper understanding of who would be the correct fan. Therefore, by using the media I have got a broader and much better understanding of who the audience are. Also, whilst looking into views and opinions on the band it was important to see who views their music videos to help make an overall judgement on the correct type of audience. This shows by choosing who the audience would be, I have had to rely on the methods used to give me the correct information to show who the audience would be; therefore it is also down to the techniques used.

For my market research I collected information to create a competitor analysis, therefore I found out information on One direction and who their competitor is in the industry. I found this type of research easy as I focused on who One directions competitors are and I collated the information summarising how the Five Seconds Of Summer band and One direction are similar but also very different. The research methods I used included the internet where I found information on the two different bands and I also textually analysed a music video, Digipak and a magazine album advert to show the difference between the two bands but also how they compete against each other working in the same industry which is very competitive. By using the internet I believe this was the best way to collate information and summarise my findings and how my findings have influenced my analysis . The findings I found have helped me make judgements on if I believe using the internet was the best method and I think the internet was the best source of information due to researching into, internet forums and seeing the target audience for both bands; both bands have the same target audience therefore the bands are similar but different, the two bands have their individuality at the same time. When researching into Market research it is vital to see what is already out there and who the rivals will be, to a singer, band or even products. Also, when researching into market research it is important to use the correct method of knowing what is out there to help make for example, a new band fresh and current and different from other bands. Therefore, this shows when working with market research it is easy to find what is out there and who you are competing against for success. Therefore, this shows that I used the internet and this was my method for researching into market research and the outcome was that I collated information I found and summarised an analysis with the information which I found, but I also textually analysed another bands music video, Digipak and magazine album advert which also highlights from the information I found I have summarised market research for two bands, to show who One Directions competitor is.

Production research included my group researching into personnel,talent,suppliers,facilities and locations, this type of research consisted of finding figures on how much everything is to rent, we found this information on 'Bectu', a media website where companies follow the rates to pay different types of crew members and for example, when renting a location how much that location would be. This type of research was easier than others as we found the rates and we collated this information we found into a spreadsheet. The methods we used I feel were the best as we researched using the internet and then made spreadsheets to show how much everything would cost and we also showed how much our budget was. By using the website 'Bectu' it has influenced our findings because we relied on this website which shows a table with different costs so therefore, by using this website we managed to make the spreadsheet with the members we needed and combining the cost. We bullet pointed what we would need for each sector such as personnel so who our music video would need to go ahead such as an editor or a director. Whilst researching into costs for the music video it helped us make judgements on who we need to make the video and who we don't need. In the spreadsheet it shows a summary of the information we found, therefore this shows that our findings have influenced our work for our music video. By using that certain website, it has contributed to our findings and has  influenced on our work due to using that technique of research into costs for each person involved in the music video. Therefore, this shows that we have collated information from our findings to support a music video, using the Bectu website which has helped us summarise what is important to have for the video. Lastly, this type of research was easy as we were able to find what costs what and see our budget for the music video. I think by using the website it has helped influence our work because without the website we would've  had to make a rough estimate for each person involved and the equipment we needed to use.


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